Published by American Society of Civil Engineers
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, Virginia 20191-4382
www.asce.org/bookstore | ascelibrary.org
This standard was developed by a consensus standards development process that has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, a voluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards development organizations in the United States and abroad, signifies that the standards development process used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.
While ASCE’s process is designed to promote standards that reflect a fair and reasoned consensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safety, and welfare that is paramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of and does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret, ASCE’s standards to replace the sound judgment of a competent professional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate field(s) of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of this standard.
ASCE has no authority to enforce compliance with its standards and does not undertake to certify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.
ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, financial loss, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct, indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any person’s use of, or reliance on, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility for such use.
ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissions@asce.org or by locating a title in ASCE’s Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http:// ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Download
Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413630
Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1363-0 (print) ISBN 978-0-7844-7857-8 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America.
This standard was developed by a consensus standards development process that has been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Accreditation by ANSI, a voluntary accreditation body representing public and private sector standards development organizations in the United States and abroad, signifies that the standards development process used by ASCE has met the ANSI requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.
While ASCE’s process is designed to promote standards that reflect a fair and reasoned consensus among all interested participants, while preserving the public health, safety, and welfare that is paramount to its mission, it has not made an independent assessment of and does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed herein. ASCE does not intend, nor should anyone interpret, ASCE’s standards to replace the sound judgment of a competent professional, having knowledge and experience in the appropriate field(s) of practice, nor to substitute for the standard of care required of such professionals in interpreting and applying the contents of this standard.
ASCE has no authority to enforce compliance with its standards and does not undertake to certify products for compliance or to render any professional services to any person or entity.
ASCE disclaims any and all liability for any personal injury, property damage, financial loss, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct, indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any person’s use of, or reliance on, this standard. Any individual who relies on this standard assumes full responsibility for such use.
ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be requested by sending an e-mail to permissions@asce.org or by locating a title in ASCE’s Civil Engineering Database (http://cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http:// ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Download
Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413630
Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1363-0 (print) ISBN 978-0-7844-7857-8 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America.