When a tunnel is excavated in all but the most competent of ground conditions it is an
inevitable consequence that some form of support will be required if the tunnel is to retain
adequate stability and/or maintain su瀜�cient dimensions to facilitate its use in the intended
manner.
The form and function of the support will vary according to a wide range of factors apart from
just geotechnical considerations and it would seem that for every di畚�erent tunnel there is a
di畚�erent lining solution Civil engineering tunnels.
Tunnels in the civil engineering category are generally driven at relatively shallow depths by
comparison to those situations involving mining tunnels.
Civil engineering tunnels require higher tolerances in terms of the 㒜�nal tunnel pro㒜�le and its
ensuing stability.
Many civil engineering tunnels relate to public usage and high density tra瀜�c with projected
working lives in excess of 100 years.
As a result, long term stability is desired coupled with an appropriately high factor of safety
(>2.0).
Other factors which are critical to the design and use of civil engineering tunnels include line,
grade, special surface 㒜�nishes and prevention of water in�ow or out�ow in respect of the
tunnel structure.
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